North Dakota holds its primary on June 12. North Dakota is an open primary state. In the secrecy of the voting booth, a voter decides which party’s primary to vote in.

Four qualified parties are printed on the June 12 ballots. As the picture in this article shows, the front of the ballot has the Democratic, Republican, and Constitution Parties. The Libertarian Party column is on the back of the ballot.

This is especially unfair because the Libertarian Party nominees for statewide office (other than President) cannot appear on the November ballot, unless at least 300 voters choose to vote in the Libertarian Party primary, and vote for the party’s unopposed nominees. Chances are most voters will vote in one of the major party primaries before they even notice that there is another party on the back, and by then it will be too late, because a voter can only vote in one party’s primary.

The Constitution Party doesn’t have any candidates on the primary ballot. It completed the petition to become a qualified party just so it would be on the November ballot for President, so one would think that since there are no Constitution Party nominees on the primary ballot, the Secretary of State, if he had to design the ballot that way, would have put the Constitution Party on the back, not the Libertarian Party. The Libertarian Party has primary candidates for U.S. House, Governor, and Public Service Commissioner.

Arizona will hold a primary on August 28 for five political parties to nominate candidates for Congress, state office, and partisan local office. Those five parties are Democratic, Republican, Libertarian, Green, and Americans Elect.

Two candidates have filed for the Americans Elect primary, each of them running for a seat in Congress. Richard Grayson recently filed to be a declared write-in candidate in the U.S. House race, 4th district. Under Arizona law, assuming he is the only declared write-in candidate, he will win the Americans Elect nomination if he gets just a single write-in vote.

Grayson is apparently the second individual in the United States to seek an Americans Elect nomination for public office other than President. The first, who had already filed, is Stephen Dolgos, running in the 8th district for U.S. House in Arizona. Dolgos is not a write-in in the Americans Elect primary; he already qualified to have his name printed on the party’s primary ballot.

In November 2010, under a partisan nominating system, California voters were able to choose between the following candidates for Congress: 53 Republicans, 51 Democrats, 39 minor party nominees, 3 independent candidates, and 14 declared write-in candidates, for a total of 160 candidates.

In November 2012, under Proposition 14, the top-two open primary system, California voters will be able to choose among the following candidates for Congress: 56 Democrats, 46 Republicans, 4 independents, zero minor party candidates, zero write-in candidates, for a total of 106 candidates.

This presumes that the person who places second in the U.S. House race in the 37th district in Los Angeles will be the one Republican who filed as a declared write-in candidate. It is possible the write-in candidate who places second in that race will be the lone Libertarian, or the lone Peace & Freedom Party member. No will know until the write-ins have been tallied. If the lone Republican write-in does not place second, then the statewide summary will be 56 Democrats, 45 Republicans, 4 independents, and one minor party member, again totaling 106 candidates.

If Proposition 14 had been on the ballot in June 2010 with the description, “Reduces voter choice in the general election”, it would not have passed. Instead it was on the ballot as “Increases participation in primary elections.” Ironically, the turnout in the California June 5 primary was so poor, it may have been the lowest turnout in the history of California presidential primaries, although this cannot be known for sure until all the votes are counted.

The San Francisco Chronicle’s story about the election returns is that the top-two system “shook up the system.” Actually, in every single congressional race in which one incumbent was running, that incumbent came in first. In the races with two incumbents running against each other due to redistricting, one of the incumbents always came in first and the other incumbent always came in second. As has been shown in Louisiana and Washington, top-two systems make it far easier for incumbents to be re-elected than normal systems do.